In a landmark case before the Third District Court of Appeal, the California Air Resources Board (ARB) recently argued for creation of an unprecedented tax doctrine that could raise billions of dollars in new revenues. The ARB described the new revenue not as a tax or a fee (or any other recognized revenue-raising mechanism), but as a “byproduct” of a regulatory program.
The case, California Chamber of Commerce v. California Air Resources Board, challenges the legality of the cap-and-trade auction ARB set up as part of its program to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to meet goals outlined in AB 32, the climate change law.
CalChamber is arguing that (1) the ARB exceeded the authority the law granted it by reserving GHG allowances to itself and auctioning those allowances to GHG emitters to raise revenues, and (2) such an auction is a “tax” requiring a two-thirds vote of the Legislature, which was not obtained.
(CalChamber is not challenging AB 32 or the cap-and-trade mechanism itself, because the goals of AB 32 can be achieved effectively using cap and trade. In fact, the efficacy of cap and trade to meet the GHG reduction goals would be unaffected in the absence of the auction.)
The lawsuit aims to prevent the powerful regulatory agency from expanding its reach beyond the boundaries set by the Legislature, and to maintain the integrity of the revenue-raising rules of Proposition 13. But the ARB has raised the stakes even higher by suggesting that the revenues raised by the auction are neither taxes nor fees.
The auctions so far have raised nearly $1.6 billion in revenues that have been deposited into state coffers. The Legislative Analyst has estimated the auction will raise tens of billions more dollars by 2020.
The ARB instead claims that the auction is a legitimate exercise of its regulatory powers and that the billions in new revenues are “incidental” to that regulation. In fact, the ARB flatly states that the auction was not enacted for the purpose of increasing revenues; therefore, it is not a tax.
The Air Board had previously acknowledged that the auction revenues resided comfortably within the state’s tax system, and as “a non-distortionary source of proceeds” could be used “as a substitute for distortionary taxes such as income and sales taxes.”
The lead doctrine on determining whether a charge is a fee or a tax is the California Supreme Court decision in Sinclair Paint v. Board of Equalization. The court held that a regulatory fee is legitimate if (1) there is a reasonable relationship between the amount charged and the burdens imposed by the fee payer’s operations; (2) it is not used for unrelated revenue purposes; and (3) the remedial measures funded with the charge are caused by or connected to the fee payer’s operations. Lacking any of these factors, the charge is a tax.
Since it is apparent that the auction cannot meet these criteria, the ARB dismissed Sinclair’s relevance, stating that the “requirements that govern fees are not useful for reviewing other exercises of the police power.” Even though the ARB claims the revenues are incidental to a regulatory program, it declined to label them as “fees.”
In other words, the ARB has asked the court—in the case of fees imposed for regulatory purposes—to disregard the leading doctrine on regulatory fees.
To be sure, there are charges that government legitimately imposes that are neither fees nor taxes which fit comfortably within the Proposition 13 rubric: special assessments and development fees for infrastructure, charges for goods and services, fines and penalties for law breaking.
But the ARB has sought refuge in none of those time-tested revenue constructs. Instead, it has asked the court to invent a new, unique category of non-tax, non-fee, non-assessment, non-penalty, non-service charge that fits the auction revenue system.
The ARB is seeking a safe harbor for revenues “incidental to regulation” that it claims are not regulatory fees, and which will generate tens of billions of dollars for new spending programs that somehow are not taxes. In fact, next year the revenues from auctions will be one of the largest sources of state revenues—and bound to grow as the ARB allocates even more allowances to itself.
CalChamber has vigorously disputed this new doctrine, calling it “unprecedented, undemocratic and amorphous.” Proposition 13 and the Sinclair decision have limited and rationalized tax and fee doctrine for 37 years, setting out the rules that balance operational flexibility with accountability.
The Court of Appeal will hear oral arguments in this case later this year.
Loren Kaye is president of the California Foundation for Commerce and Education
Mary Nichols and her merry band of thieves led by Confused Moonbeam have to be stopped! Every cap and trade scheme has been shot down in DC. But then (sigh) this is what we get when we elect such fools as Brown and obama.
More “tax” from an organization that has no powers to tax anyone. Is there a soul out there, other than Loren Kaye, that believes AB 32 is about anything other than revenue for the people’s republic of Ca? You would have to believe in man-made global warming for that to be true. All I ask is that you prove it before you ask for my tax $ to fund all the pet projects that populate the state budget.
Although man-made global warming has been recognized and can have a 0.04% effect on temperature, an argument opposite needs serious consideration in which our sun has more affect on our climate and a cycle of solar hibernation that is cooling climate is upon us. One can argue these taxes are not scientifically supported and cause harm to our economy and the poor. See for yourself this side of the debate that has been silenced by those who want to redistribute wealth.
http://www.spaceandscience.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/ssrcpressrelease22015rationale.pdf
We need a state-wide sun-shade to comprehensively deal with global warming within CA.
I think the “progressive liberal democrats” in Sacramento have been “out in the sun” too long and are way past the point of salvation. A change is needed in the direction of California politics, and it needs to happen in the pretty quickly. Moonbeam, Kamala Harris, DeLeon, and the rest of these illiterate democrats running California have to go. They have been in control since Pete Wilson and Dukemajian were governors, and their record stinks.
Outstanding Bruce!!! R C Theory all the way!!!
The Soviet Union had an “inner sanctum” that made all decisions called the Politburo – ARB is CA’s Politburo as they make decisions effecting each and every business and person in the state.
They should suffer the same fate as their Soviet counterparts.
These asylum tenants have overdosed on their own hubris ! “Oh, no, we didn’t violate the standard of the existing law ! We are just adhering to the standard of a law that has yet to be defined or written ! SEE! NOW it all makes PERFECT sense ! “….
….”Uh, NO, it DOESN’T…..Hold still, the straps on these sleeves are gonna be a little tight.”…
That strap around the neck needs to be tighter. ‘No, stop wiggling, you’ll be ok in a few minutes. Say you can’t breath, perfect.’ With more and more evidence that AGWTF is a load of bull, perhaps we should look at who’s misusing the money. It’s going to be a heck of a long list.
Cap and Trade is a farce and is just a big money grab, creating credits that don’t exist and giving electric car manufacturers credits so they can sell them to companies who cannot meet emission standards for Hugh bucks. Without all these credits the electric car falls on it’s face and cannot be made where only the well being can afford it.
Only Ca. is left forcing cap and trade. The SEC and investors abandoned carbon trading back in 2009.
http://www.spaceandscience.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/ssrcpressrelease3-2009secreviewscapandtrade.pdf
If not a tax or fee, then a fine? Without legislative authority it can’t be a tax. How about a pay for play? Can’t call it a fee, same as a tax? Must be a fine levied for what penalty? No due process just a fine. Yes commiefornia’s last stand to keep the trough loaded for the sheep. We’ll just fine people and corporations with the pretense of climate change for penal infractions to be named later. Remember, if they couldn’t tax you for it climate change wouldn’t be an issue. Climate has absolutely nothing to do with it. Follow the money.
Or follow the businesses as they leave the state.
Ah! The Air Board? An organization that cannot find anywhere a constitutional authority to do what they are doing, Federal or State. But, they press on in their dictatorial manner throwing their weight around and accomplishing nothing! Laying down regulations and rules, without answering to anyone, to hamper and stop progress instead of working WITH the people to solve the problem, typical Democrat policies, demand and force instead of cooperating.